IN ADDITION TO THE FOUR FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES of the Church's social doctrine which we have reviewed--the dignity of the human person, the common good, subsidiarity (and participation), and solidarity*--there are also four fundamental moral values that ought to inspire and guide the entire enterprise of social life: truth, freedom, justice, and love. In this blog posting, we will review the moral value of truth and its significance in social life from the perspective of the Church's social doctrine. Later posts will handle the other values.
"Men and women have the specific duty to move always towards the truth, to respect it, and bear responsible witness to it." (Compendium, No. 198) "Suffer us not," wrote T. S. Eliot in his poem "Ash Wednesday," "to mock ourselves with falsehood."
We have a duty to move towards the truth. This recognizes that we have a duty to conform ourselves to reality, to what is, as truth is our conformity--whether it be our intellect or our life--to reality. Veritas, goes the philosophic axiom, est adaequatio intellectus et rei: truth is the conformity of our intellect with reality. We might go further than this and say that the value of truth is the conformity of one's entire life, including one's social life, to reality, to what is. Veritas est adaequatio vitae et rei. Truth is the beacon toward which we aim personally and in our social relations.
All things, the philosopher Josef Pieper reminds us in his book Living in the Truth, are true. What is, Father James V. Schall has always insisted in his writings, is true. Truth is reflected in the world about us, for it was created by God who is true.
The value of truth is important to apply in our life in common. "The more people and social groups strive to resolve social problems according to truth, the more they distance themselves from abuses and act in accordance with the objective demands of morality." (Compendium, No. 198) We cannot build a society on a mock truth, on a non-committal shrug of the shoulders to truth. We cannot build a society on a question on a mock question like Pontius Pilate, "What is truth?" and then not stay for an answer or supply an answer of our own.
To be sure, the quest for truth is not easy. "Falsehood is so easy," George Eliot pseudonymously wrote in her book Adam Bede, "truth so difficult." And with the poet Virgil, we can recall the reality that it is either to descend to the falsehoods of Averno, that to climb to the summit of truth:
This suggestion that we are to "move always" to the truth suggests that this duty is never over. In a certain sense we are becoming in the truth. Only one person can say "I am the truth, the way, and the life," (John 14:6) and even He, in his humanity, "grew in wisdom and statute, and in favor with God and men" (Luke 2:52). Truth's demand is that one's entire life must be engaged in the desire to have greater conformity with reality. We must, in the words of Shakespeare in his play The Rape of Lucrece, continue to "unmask falsehood, and bring truth to light." While on this earth we are on pilgrimage to the truth, and we must be willing to discard those mental notions that do not accord with truth when we learn that we have held them in error. We must, further, learn to take up truths when we come to recognize them.
While the striving for truth is never over, we must not despair that truth is something entirely unachievable. Though in one sense we are always striving for truth, yet in another we can also say that we have a hold on some truths.
The notion of truth entertained by the Church is that it is an objective reality. Truth is not what we make of it. Intellectual subjectivism or moral relativism is out of the question. Truth is not the modernist notion of adaequatio realis mentis et vitae, only the conformity of our life with the truth in our mind. The value of truth is not internal integrity or sincerity, though it certainly does not disdain these things. But fundamentally, truth implies something objective, something which masters us and which we never master; hence, it is something that can make moral demands of us. The "truth" in "our mind" must conform to the truth "out there."
Those truths we have, and their adoption tried, we must grapple them to our souls with hoops of steel to paraphrase and slightly modify Shakespeare. But we must do more than grapple truth to our souls. Truth must be preached from the housetops. (Matt. 10:27) We also have a duty to bear responsible witness to the truth. That means that our words must be true to truth.
"Simply let your 'yes' be 'yes,' and your 'no,' 'no,'" the Lord tells us. (Matt. 5:37) With respect to truth, there ought to be less maybes, and our "yes" must never be "no," and our "no" must never be "yes." There ought to be a conformity of our words with the truth. Or as Aristotle in his Metaphysics put it: "To say of what is, that it is, or of what is not, that it is not, is true."
The Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church recognizes the importance of replanting the notion of objective truth in the mass of men. Wallowing in the slough of relativism, we seem unable--not unlike the mastodons and saber tooth cats of old in the La Brea Tar Pits--to extricate ourselves from the ooze in which we slowly sink:
There are powers that work against the propagation of the truth, and that have a vested interest in promoting falsehood. We are heirs to a tendentious media and other institutions of communication, entertainment, commerce, and other human intercourse--that are too often founded upon the desire for gain, an "unscrupulous use of money" or profit, rather than a concern with the truth. (Compendium, No. 198) As T. S. Eliot reminds us in his work Christianity and Culture, Christians face an uphill battle:
Truth is impartial. Truth has no friends except itself. That is why Isaac Newton wrote in his notebook, Amicus Plato, amicus Aristoteles, magis amica veritas. Plato is my friend. Aristotle is my friend. But my greatest friend is truth.
The truth is important for what we gain from it: "Ye shall know the truth," said the Lord Christ, "and the truth shall make you free." (John 8:31) We can say of Truth what John Donne said of the Trinity in his Sonnet "Batter my Heart, Three Person'd God":
This takes us to the next value identified in the Compendium, the value of freedom. This we shall handle in our next post.
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*For the four principles and four values generally, see The Four Principles and Four Values of Catholic Social Doctrine. For the principle of the dignity of the human person, see The Equal Dignity of All Persons. For the principle of the common good, see Property is Yours, Mine, and Ours. For the principle of subsidiarity (and participation), see Trickle Up Power and Pour Down Participation. For the principle of solidarity, see Solidarity as Principle and Fundamental Social Virtue.
**Virgil, Aeneid, VI.124 ff. Rough translation: "It is easy to descend to Averno / The gates of hell are open night and day / Smooth is the descent, but not the climb / The climb upward is the work, the laborious way."
***T. S. Eliot, Christianity and Culture (New York: Houghton Mifflin Hartcourt, 1980), 17.
"Men and women have the specific duty to move always towards the truth, to respect it, and bear responsible witness to it." (Compendium, No. 198) "Suffer us not," wrote T. S. Eliot in his poem "Ash Wednesday," "to mock ourselves with falsehood."
We have a duty to move towards the truth. This recognizes that we have a duty to conform ourselves to reality, to what is, as truth is our conformity--whether it be our intellect or our life--to reality. Veritas, goes the philosophic axiom, est adaequatio intellectus et rei: truth is the conformity of our intellect with reality. We might go further than this and say that the value of truth is the conformity of one's entire life, including one's social life, to reality, to what is. Veritas est adaequatio vitae et rei. Truth is the beacon toward which we aim personally and in our social relations.
All things, the philosopher Josef Pieper reminds us in his book Living in the Truth, are true. What is, Father James V. Schall has always insisted in his writings, is true. Truth is reflected in the world about us, for it was created by God who is true.
The value of truth is important to apply in our life in common. "The more people and social groups strive to resolve social problems according to truth, the more they distance themselves from abuses and act in accordance with the objective demands of morality." (Compendium, No. 198) We cannot build a society on a mock truth, on a non-committal shrug of the shoulders to truth. We cannot build a society on a question on a mock question like Pontius Pilate, "What is truth?" and then not stay for an answer or supply an answer of our own.
To be sure, the quest for truth is not easy. "Falsehood is so easy," George Eliot pseudonymously wrote in her book Adam Bede, "truth so difficult." And with the poet Virgil, we can recall the reality that it is either to descend to the falsehoods of Averno, that to climb to the summit of truth:
Facilis descensus Averno; noctes atque dies patet atri ianua Ditis; sed revocare gradum superasque evadere ad auras, hoc opus, hic labor est.**But the difficulty of the quest ought not to discourage us: veritas Christi urget nos. The truth of Christ urges us on. "I hate and abhor falsehood," the Psalmist said, "but your law do I love." (Psalm 119 [118]:163)
This suggestion that we are to "move always" to the truth suggests that this duty is never over. In a certain sense we are becoming in the truth. Only one person can say "I am the truth, the way, and the life," (John 14:6) and even He, in his humanity, "grew in wisdom and statute, and in favor with God and men" (Luke 2:52). Truth's demand is that one's entire life must be engaged in the desire to have greater conformity with reality. We must, in the words of Shakespeare in his play The Rape of Lucrece, continue to "unmask falsehood, and bring truth to light." While on this earth we are on pilgrimage to the truth, and we must be willing to discard those mental notions that do not accord with truth when we learn that we have held them in error. We must, further, learn to take up truths when we come to recognize them.
While the striving for truth is never over, we must not despair that truth is something entirely unachievable. Though in one sense we are always striving for truth, yet in another we can also say that we have a hold on some truths.
The notion of truth entertained by the Church is that it is an objective reality. Truth is not what we make of it. Intellectual subjectivism or moral relativism is out of the question. Truth is not the modernist notion of adaequatio realis mentis et vitae, only the conformity of our life with the truth in our mind. The value of truth is not internal integrity or sincerity, though it certainly does not disdain these things. But fundamentally, truth implies something objective, something which masters us and which we never master; hence, it is something that can make moral demands of us. The "truth" in "our mind" must conform to the truth "out there."
Those truths we have, and their adoption tried, we must grapple them to our souls with hoops of steel to paraphrase and slightly modify Shakespeare. But we must do more than grapple truth to our souls. Truth must be preached from the housetops. (Matt. 10:27) We also have a duty to bear responsible witness to the truth. That means that our words must be true to truth.
"Simply let your 'yes' be 'yes,' and your 'no,' 'no,'" the Lord tells us. (Matt. 5:37) With respect to truth, there ought to be less maybes, and our "yes" must never be "no," and our "no" must never be "yes." There ought to be a conformity of our words with the truth. Or as Aristotle in his Metaphysics put it: "To say of what is, that it is, or of what is not, that it is not, is true."
The Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church recognizes the importance of replanting the notion of objective truth in the mass of men. Wallowing in the slough of relativism, we seem unable--not unlike the mastodons and saber tooth cats of old in the La Brea Tar Pits--to extricate ourselves from the ooze in which we slowly sink:
Modern times call for an intense educational effort, and a corresponding commitment on the part of all regarding the quest for truth--which cannot be ascribed to the sum of different opinions, nor to one or another of these opinions--will be encouraged in every sector and will prevail over ever attempt to make relative its demands or to offend against it.
There are powers that work against the propagation of the truth, and that have a vested interest in promoting falsehood. We are heirs to a tendentious media and other institutions of communication, entertainment, commerce, and other human intercourse--that are too often founded upon the desire for gain, an "unscrupulous use of money" or profit, rather than a concern with the truth. (Compendium, No. 198) As T. S. Eliot reminds us in his work Christianity and Culture, Christians face an uphill battle:
[We are compromised] by our implication in a network of institutions from which we cannot dissociate ourselves: institutions the operation of which appears no longer neutral, but non-Christian. And as for the Christian who is not conscious of this dilemma--and he is in the majority--he is becoming more and more de-Christianized by all sorts of unconscious pressure: paganism holds all the most valuable advertising space.***
Truth is impartial. Truth has no friends except itself. That is why Isaac Newton wrote in his notebook, Amicus Plato, amicus Aristoteles, magis amica veritas. Plato is my friend. Aristotle is my friend. But my greatest friend is truth.
The truth is important for what we gain from it: "Ye shall know the truth," said the Lord Christ, "and the truth shall make you free." (John 8:31) We can say of Truth what John Donne said of the Trinity in his Sonnet "Batter my Heart, Three Person'd God":
"Take me to you, imprison me, for I,
Except you enthrall me, never shall be free.
This takes us to the next value identified in the Compendium, the value of freedom. This we shall handle in our next post.
___________________________________________
*For the four principles and four values generally, see The Four Principles and Four Values of Catholic Social Doctrine. For the principle of the dignity of the human person, see The Equal Dignity of All Persons. For the principle of the common good, see Property is Yours, Mine, and Ours. For the principle of subsidiarity (and participation), see Trickle Up Power and Pour Down Participation. For the principle of solidarity, see Solidarity as Principle and Fundamental Social Virtue.
**Virgil, Aeneid, VI.124 ff. Rough translation: "It is easy to descend to Averno / The gates of hell are open night and day / Smooth is the descent, but not the climb / The climb upward is the work, the laborious way."***T. S. Eliot, Christianity and Culture (New York: Houghton Mifflin Hartcourt, 1980), 17.
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